In mammals, there is substantial variation in substitution rate between lineages. This variation may be correlated with life-history traits: small mammals, with short generation times, tend to evolve faster. Here, the aim is measure the correlation between substitution rate and body mass or other life-history traits in mammals, by building a model of the joint evolutionary process of the substitution rate and life-history traits across branches, using a variant of the Brownian model used for modelling the auto-correlated molecular clock (Lartillot and Delsuc, 2012).
In primates, the mutation rate per generation is mostly determined by the number of replications in the germline. The developmental process of the germline is relatively well characterized, and a model of its modulation, as a function of life-history (age of puberty, generation time, etc) has been proposed (Amster and Sella, 2016). Here, the aim is to use this model (and the empirically measured values reported in the article of Amster and Sella) to calibrate the molecular clock (and its variation) in simian primates, using information about sexual maturity and generation time in extant species.
The models that we have considered in the tutorials are homogeneous across branches. As a result, they predict the same nucleotide composition in all species. In practice, this is not the case. In some extreme situations, not accounting for compositional variation can result in phylogenetic reconstruction artifacts (typically, unrelated species with similar compositional biases artifactually cluster together). A simple but particularly striking example is shown in Foster, 2004. In this article, a model with branch specific nucleotide composition is introduced to improve phylogenetic reconstruction in such cases. Since then, Heaps et al. have proposed improved models. Here, the aim is to design versions of these models with branch-specific equilibrium frequencies, and to see if they improve phylogenetic reconstruction.
Designing a model for doing multi-gene phylogenetic reconstruction. Genes may share the same species phylogeny but may differ in their rate of evolution and in their GC content. Can be used to reconstruct the phylogeny or to estimate the variance in substitution rates and in GC content across genes. The data is available from the article
The idea is to model the correlated evolution of rRNA GC content and growth temperature across Archaea, and use this model to estimate the correlation and to infer ancestral temperatures along the phylogeny.
The idea is to model the process of gain and loss of genes across a phylogeny, and to apply this model to data of absence/presence of genes across metazoans. See article of Pisani et al., (2015) and Ryan et al (2013) for two analyses giving different results on the same dataset.
Saclier et al have analysed the evolutionary patterns in a group of isopod species, in which there has been a large number of independent transitions from surface to underground lifestyle – giving an opportunity for modeling and investigating the impact of these transitions on genomic sequence evolution.
Through time, genomes undergo events affecting their gene content. These include duplication events, which create a copy of a given gene elsewhere in the genome; loss events (e.g., pseudogenization); and transfer events, corresponding to the insertion of a gene from another species. Within a given species, a gene and its copies are referred to as a gene family. Two genes in the same family are said to be paralogous if they descend from a gene duplication. Paralogous genes often have similar functions, but it can also happen that one or more duplications allow forms of specialization (as in the case of hemoglobin, where a paralogous copy is expressed only in the embryo in Mammals) or the appearance of new functions.
The aim of this project is to build a model describing the evolution of the size of a gene family (number of genes in the gene family) along a phylogenetic tree. The aim is to detect possible statistical associations between variation in the size of a gene family and phenotypic changes in mammals (e.g. emergence of echolocation, subterranean life). 2 references will be useful: Han et al., 2013 and Csuros, 2022
Here the project is to analyze an alignment of the SEMG2 gene from primate species that differ in their mating systems.
Here the project is to analyze a concatenated alignment of 15 DNA sequences coding for proteins from 29 strains of Daphnia pulex, some of which reproduce sexually (named S1 to S14), and others, asexually (named A1 to A14). Sexual reproduction is assumed to be the ancestral condition.
Given a limited number of sites, it may be difficult to get high support for all the nodes in a phylogeny. The aim of this project is to investigate how one could predict how many sites should be analyzed for a particular branch to be resolved with high posterior probability.
Coding sequences are typically modelled at the codon level, using an alphabet with 61 states (64 - 3 stop codons). These models are often use to study natural selection. Another way to model coding sequences is to partition the data into three categories: first, second, and third codon positions. The purpose of this project is to try both models and compare them, either in terms of posterior predictive simulations, or in terms of phylogenetic reconstruction.
The C4 metabolism is used by several groups of plants as an adaptation to photosynthesize in hot and dry conditions. In the rubisco protein, several sites seem to be associated to this metabolic change (see Parto and Lartillot, 2016). The aim of this project is to build a model to try and find these sites using RevBayes, using the amino acid sequences of the protein.